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Prime Minister Rafik Hariri - كي لا ننسى الشهيد رفيق الحريري

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Rafic Hariri

Rafic Baha El Deen Al-Hariri — (November 1, 1944 – February 14, 2005), (Arabic: رفيق بهاء الدين الحريري‎), business tycoon, was the Prime Minister of Lebanon  from 1992 to 1998 and again from 2000 until his resignation, 20 October 2004. He headed five cabinets during his tenure. Hariri dominated the country's post-war political and business life and is widely credited with reconstructing Beirut after the 15-year civil war.

Hariri was assassinated on 14 February 2005 when explosives equivalent to around 1000 kg of TNT were detonated as his motorcade drove past the St. George Hotel in the Lebanese capital, Beirut. The investigation, by the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, into his assassination is still ongoing and currently led by the independent investigator Daniel Bellemare. In its first two reports, UNIIIC indicated that the Syrian government may be linked to the assassination.

Hariri's killing led to massive political change in Lebanon, including the Cedar Revolution and the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon.

Distinctions, medals and awards

  • Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (1981)
  • Chevalier of the Italian Republic (1982)
  • Cedar National Medal / Rank of Commandor (1983)
  • Saint Peter and Saint Paul Medal (1983)
  • Save the Children 50th Anniversary Award (1983)
  • Medal of King Faysal (1983)
  • Médaille de la Ville de Paris (1983)
  • Golden Key of Beirut City (1983)
  • Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres (1983)
  • Officier de la Légion d’Honneur (1986)
  • Doctor Honoris Causa of Boston University (1986)
  • Docteur Honoris Causa de l’Université de Nice (1988)
  • Doctor Honoris Causa of the Arab University of Beirut (1994)
  • Goldaen Key of São Paulo City / Brazil (1995).
  • Medal of the Liberator of Argentina – General José St. Martin (1995)
  • Prix Louise Michel – France (1995)
  • Doctor Honoris Causa of Georgetown University – Washington USA (1996)
  • Grande Croix de la Légion d’Honneur (1996)
  • The Grand Cordon (1996).
  • The Order of Diplomatic Service Merit Grand Gwang Hwa Medal - Korea (1997)
  • Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Ottawa, Canada (1997)
  • Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Montreal, Canada (1997)
  • Le Grand Collier du Trône – Morocco (1997)
  • Cavalier du Gran Croce (1997)
  • Al Nahda medal, First Category, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (2001).
  • Medal of Honor of the Arab Union / The Arab Union of Veterans Associations (2001).
  • "Star of Romania" Order at the rank of "The Grand Cross" (2002).
  • Union Medal / Republic of Yemen (2002).
  • Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon (2003).
  • Orient Doctorate Degree, Moscow State Institute for International Relations (2003)
  • UN-HABITAT Scroll of Honor Special Citation for Post Conflict Reconstruction / World Urban Forum, United Nations - Barcelona, Spain (2004).
  • King Faysal International Award for Serving Islam, jointly with the Islamic Bank for Development (2005). >
  • Tipperary International Peace Award (2005).

Assassination

On 14 February 2005 Hariri was killed, along with 21 others, when explosives equivalent of around 1,000 kg of TNT were detonated as his motorcade drove near the St. George Hotel in Beirut. Among the dead were several of Hariri's bodyguards and his friend and former Minister of the Economy Bassel Fleihan. Hariri was buried along with his bodyguards, who died in the bombing, in a location near Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque.

The latest progress report by Brammertz has indicated that DNA evidence collected from the crime scene suggests that the assassination might be the act of a young male suicide bomber.

Hariri and others in the anti-Syrian opposition had questioned the plan to extend the term of Lebanese President Emile Lahoud, emboldened by popular anger and civic action now being called Lebanon's "Cedar Revolution". Lebanese Druze leader Walid Jumblatt, a newer recruit of the anti-Syrian opposition, said in the wake of the assassination that in August 2004 Syrian President Bashar al-Assad threatened Hariri, saying "Lahoud is me. ... If you and Chirac want me out of Lebanon, I will break Lebanon." He was quoted as saying "I heard him telling us those words." The United States, the EU and the UN  have stopped short of any accusations, choosing instead to demand a Syrian pullout from Lebanon and an open and international investigation of the Assassination. Jumblatt's comments are not without controversy; the BBC describes him as "being seen by many as the country's political weathervane" - consistently changing allegiances to emerge on the winning side of the issues du jour through the turmoil of the 1975-90 civil war and its troubled aftermath. He was a supporter of Syria after the war but switched sides after the death of former Syrian president Hafez al-Assad in 2000. His account is quoted, but not confirmed, in the UN's FitzGerald Report. The report stops short of directly accusing Damascus  or any other party, saying that only a further thorough international inquest can identify the culprit. Lara Marlow, an Irish journalist also said that Hariri told her that he received threats.  The Lebanese government has agreed to this inquiry, though calling for the full participation, not supremacy, of its own agencies and the respect of Lebanese sovereignty.

According to these testimonies, Mr. Hariri reminded Mr. Assad of his pledge not to seek an extension for Mr. Lahoud's term, and Mr. Assad replied that there was a policy shift and that the decision was already taken. He added that Mr. Lahoud should be viewed as his personal representative in Lebanon and that "opposing him is tantamount to opposing Assad himself". He then added that he (Mr. Assad) "would rather break Lebanon over the heads of [Mr.] Hariri and [Druze leader] Walid Jumblatt than see his word in Lebanon broken". Irish journalist Lara Marlowe with whom Hariri talked reported similar allegations. According to the testimonies, Mr. Assad then threatened both long time allies Mr. Hariri and Mr. Jumblatt with physical harm if they opposed the extension for Mr. Lahoud. The meeting reportedly lasted for ten minutes, and was the last time Mr. Hariri met with Mr. Assad. After that meeting, Mr. Hariri told his supporters that they had no other option but to support the extension for Mr. Lahoud. The Mission has also received accounts of further threats made to Mr. Hariri by security officials in case he abstained from voting in favor of the extension or "even thought of leaving the country". Many analysts also believe that Mr. Assad was unhappy with Mr. Hariri for his support of Resolution 1559 and of the Syria Accountability Act". The resolution was sponsored and spearheaded by Jacques Chirac, France's former president and personal friend of Mr. Hariri. Given the strong relationship that Hariri enjoyed with Chirac, many believe that if the former was not directly involved he could have at least swayed his friend from sponsoring a Resolution that meant to harm the Syrian government and people. Things in the Middle east are not always as they seem.

— "Report of the Fact-Finding Mission to Lebanon inquiring into the causes, circumstances and consequences of the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri, 25 February – 24 March 2005" (the Fitzgerald Report)


United Nations Security Council Resolution 1595


The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1595 to send an investigative team to look into Hariri's assassination. This team was headed by German judge Detlev Mehlis and presented its initial report to the Security Council on 20 October 2005. The Mehlis Report implicated Syrian and Lebanese officials, with special focus on Syria's military intelligence chief, Assef Shawkat and Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's brother-in-law. United States President George W. Bush has called for a special meeting of the UN to be convened to discuss international response "as quickly as possible to deal with this very serious matter." Detlev Mehlis has asked for more time to investigate all leads. Lebanese politicians have asked to extend the investigative team's duration and charter, to include assassinations of other prominent anti-Syrian Lebanese, such as Gebran Tueni. A second report, submitted on 10 December 2005, upholds the conclusions from the first report. On 11 January 2006, Mehlis was replaced by the Belgian Serge Brammertz.

Syria had extensive military and intelligence influence in Lebanon at the time of Hariri's murder, but Damascus has claimed repeatedly it had no knowledge of the bombing. A United Nations report sponsored by the US and UK found converging evidence of Syrian and Lebanese involvement in this attack. The UN Security Council voted unanimously to demand full Syrian cooperation with UN investigators in the matter, and Serge Brammertz's last two reports praised Syria's full co-operation.

On 30 December 2005, former Syrian vice-president Abdul Halim Khaddam in a televised interview implicated President Assad in the assassination and said that Assad personally threatened Hariri in the months before his death. This interview has caused Syrian MPs to demand treason charges against Khaddam.

On March 28, 2008, the 10th report of the UN's International Independent Investigation Commission found that, "a network of individuals acted in concert to carry out the assassination of Rafiq Hariri and that this criminal network — the "Hariri Network" — or parts thereof are linked to some of the other cases within the Commission's mandate."

The Security Council extended the mandate for the investigation, which was to end in December 2008, until 28 February 2009

UN Special Tribunal
Main article: Special Tribunal for Lebanon

As of 6 February 2006, both the United Nations and the government of Lebanon had agreed to a proposal establishing a Special Tribunal for Lebanon. If the Lebanese government follows the final proposal, it will mark the first time that an international court tried individuals for a "terrorist" crime committed against a specific person.[21] The United Nations acted in early 2007 to force the process ahead, a move strongly opposed by Syria and its allies in Lebanon, and for reasons of security, efficiency and fairness, the location is to be outside Lebanon.[citation needed]

In December 2007 the Netherlands agreed to host the tribunal in the former Dutch intelligence headquarters in the town of Leidschendam, a suburb of The Hague. The court opened on 1 March 2009.

On April 29, 2009, following a request of prosecutor Daniel Bellemare, the tribunal ordered the "immediate and unconditional release" of the only four suspects arrested during the investigation, "for complete absence of reliable proof against them". These were General Jamil Mohammad Amin el-Sayyed (head of General Security), General Ali Salah el-Dine el-Hajj (chief of internal security forces, the Lebanese police force), Brigadier-General Raymond Fouad Azar (head of Army Intelligence) and Brigadier-General Mostafa Fehmi Hamdane (head of the presidential guard). Considered as Syria's main rule-enforcing agents at the time, they have spent nearly 3 years and 8 months in detention after Lebanese authorities arrested them on September 1, 2005, and during that period no charges were ever pressed against them. Their release came amidst a tense political atmosphere in Lebanon, due to the officially admitted heavy politization of the affair. Several anti-Syrian political figures have stated that "[we] still consider them as guilty.

Jürgen Cain Külbel, a former German criminal investigator of the GDR (the former communist East Germany), maintains in his book "The murder of Hairiri", that the CIA and the Mossad are responsible for Hariri's murder[23]. In an interview with Global Research, Külbel maintains that one hour before Hariri's murder Hariri's jamming device for remote control bombs, which was installed in his car, was turned off. And that Israel as the inventor and sole manufacturer of this device was the only one in position to turn it off, thereby making Hairiri's motorcade susceptible to remote control bombs. Külbel furthermore alleges that both the USA and Israel wanted to bring down the Syrian government, and that they needed an event such as the assassination of Hariri in order to weaken Syria and have it vulnerable and ready for a possible invasion, like the 2003 US invasion of Iraq. In the interview Külbel maintains that Detlev Mehlis, the first UN prosecutor, casually worked with the CIA and neo-con think tanks[23]. Külbel's book stirred controversy in Lebanon, because it turned the whole scenario of Syrian responsibility on its head. When Lebanese journalist Maria Maalouf  invited and taped a program with Jürgen Cain Külbel, the next day she received a text messaged death threat in English from a Lebanese stating "you are a dead girl". Maria Maalouf quickly alerted the authorities.


الكنافة بين "الأمويين" إلى "الفاطميين" تاريخ حلو المذاق

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يطل الكنفانى بجسده النحيل، يتلوى بسرعة وخفة فوق فرنه البلدى، وبلفات محسوبة وأنية العجين السائل فى يده، ينسج خيوط رفيعة دائرية على صاجة الفرن، وما ان تطلها حرارته ، حتى تصبح سلاسل من الفضة البيضاء اللينة ، التى تشتريها ربات البيوت وتكمل طهيها، أو يتولى هو المهمة بالكامل، فيحيل بياض العجين الى سلاسل مسبوكة من الذهب فى بريقها ولمعانها، أما طعم الكنافة بعد تحميرها فهو عنوان موائد رمضان وزينتها وسر حلاوتها.

كنفانى رمضان، ليس هو ذلك الرجل القابع فى محال الحلوى الكبرى طوال العام، وانما أولئك الذين ينتظرون مجيء شهر رمضان المبارك من العام للعام، حتى ينضموا لفريق عمل الكنافة بنواصى الشوارع والميادين فى الأحياء الشعبية والقرى، أولئك الذين ينضمون للعمل بالمحال الشهيرة فى الشهر وأبرزها وأشهرها عرفة الكنفانى أحد معالم حى السيدة زينب.

أسرار الكنافة يبوح بها التاريخ، ولا تزال الراويات الخاصة بالتأريخ لهذه المهنة متضاربة، فبينما ينسبها البعض الى معاوية ابن أبى سفيان ، فإن كثيرين يؤرخون لها بالعصر الفاطمى ، وزمن المعز لدين الله الفاطمى ،مؤسس مصر الإسلامية وقاهرتها.

سلوى محمد الباحثة المتخصصة فى دارسة للتاريخ والآثار وأستاذة للارشاد السياحى بجامعة حلوان قالت أن صنَّاع الحلويات في الشام صنعوها لتقديمها إلى معاوية بن أبي سفيان عندما كان واليًا على الشام، وذلك حتى يأكلها كطعام للسحور، فتمنع عنه الجوع الذي كان يشعر به أثناء الصيام، وقد ارتبط اسمها باسمه، حتى إنها سُميت "كنافة معاوية" لفترة طويلة .

أساتذة التاريخ الاسلامى ومنهم الدكتور محمد عرفة يذهبون الى ان تاريخ الكنافة يعود إلى العصر الفاطمي، وقد عرفها المصريون قبل أهل بلاد الشام، وذلك عندما تصادف دخول الخليفة المعز لدين الله الفاطمي القاهرة، وكان ذلك في شهر رمضان، فاستقبله الأهالي بعد الإفطار وهم يحملون الهدايا، ومن بينها الكنافة بالمكسّرات، كمظهر من مظاهر الكرم. ثم اكتسبت الكنافة مكانتها بين أنواع الحلوى التى ابتدعها الفاطميون ، ومن لا يأكلها فى الأيام العادية ، لابد أن يتناولها خلال رمضان فى البيوت او المطاعم.http://images.alarabiya.net/large_82803_116717_7752_8467.jpg

إبراهيم مختار الشهير بإبراهيم حلاوة، كنفاني رمضانى جداً، له مكانه الذى يطل فيه على جماهيره واحبائه كل عام قرب منزله في أقدم أحياء قاهرة المعز، يقول أن والده كان يعمل في المهنة نفسها، وكان يذهب معه ويتعلم منه الصنعة شيئا فشيئا الى أن توفاه الله، فعملت مكانه لكن العمل بالمحل شىء وفى الشارع شىء آخر ، "نحن فى المحل نعمل طوال العام أما نصبة الكنافة الرمضانية فلا تستمر سوى فى الشهر الكريم فقط ، وأعتقد انها تكون فرصة لى لتوسيع الرزق وأخذ راحة من المحل الذى تركته منذ فترة وعملت بوسط البلد".

وعن أدواته واستعداده لاستقبال رمضان قال "نعد العدة لهذا الغرض حيث نبني فرن خاص لتسوية الكنافة قبل رمضان ، وهو دائرى الشكل يرتفع عن الأرض قرب متر ونصف،وله فتحة لإشعال النار، وفوقه صاجة او صينية مستديرة يُطلق عليها حجر زهر، ويُستخدم مع الفرن إناء ذو ثقوب تكون صفاً واحدا ، كما نستخدم حلة للعجين ومصفاة لتصفيته ومغرفة أو كبشة كبيرة لغرف العجين السائل من الحلة إلى الإناء المثقوب".

ويتناول الصنايعى المغرفة بخفة أثناء اشتعال النار وبحركة دائرية يلف يده باناء العجين المثقوب فوق الصينية، مع تحكمه فى ثقوب الإناء ليهبط منها العجين على هيئة دوائر فى الصينية ومع الوقت تتم تسوية واعداد العجينة الأولى لصناعة الكنافة التى قد تحشى فيما بعد بالمكسرات والحلوى او بالجبن وغيرها تمهيدا للتحمير والتسوية النهائية.

ورغم حب الكثيرين للكنافة اليدوى الا ان التطور سنة الحياة، فقد تحول اناء العجين المثقوب الى وعاء كبير متحرك ومثقوب تلفه الآلة،بينما يقف الصنايعى اليوم ويزودها بالمقادير ويتحكم فى سرعة دورانها وفى كمية العجين التى تنزل من الثقوب الى الصينية الدائرية.استخدام الماكينة الآلية فى صنع الكنافة بدلاً من الكوب المخرم ،توفيراً للجهد والوقت وتيسيرا للانتاج الغزير،ومن هنا عرف الناس الكنافة الآلى، وانتشرت بشكل كثيف خاصة فى الأحياء الراقية .

"عرفة الكنفاني" أشهر و أقدم محلّ كنفاني في مصر، هو بالفعل أحد معالم ميدان السيدة زينب، أسم له تاريخه فى هذه المهنة التى تورثها عن الاجداد ليمثل الابن الحالى الجيل الرابع من عائلة عرفة الذى تشرب الصنعة ولقنها لابنائه من بعده، متحديا بانتاجه الكنافة الشامية ومتحفظا فى الوقت نفسه على كنفانى الشوارع الرمضاني.

يقول الحاج عرفة : مع مجيء شهر رمضان تشهد بعض الأحياء والساحات والميادين نصبة الكنافة "اليدوي"، والتي يقوم على صناعتها غير المختصين، حيث تكتظ الأحياء الفقيرة والشعبية ببشر لا علاقة لهم بالصنعة ولم يعملوا بها من قبل ، وأخذوها بالفهلوة ،حيث يقومون بنصب العدة؛ من فرن وصوانى وبناء ونار وغيرها دون احتراف حقيقى ودون النظر الى التطور الذى طرأ على الصنعة وأوصلنا لأنواع شتى من الكنافة التى تنتجها الآلة بكثافة انتاجية واسعة .

الكنافة ستبقى نجم شباك رمضان الذى انتصف خاصة وان الكثيرين العائدين من الدول العربية لتمضية باقى رمضان وقضاء العيد فى مصر لا يزالون يقبلون على شراء زينة الموائد.


اللبنانيون: هل هم شعب الله المختار؟

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لست بناقم على ميلادي كلبناني ولا بحاقدا على ساسة أتقنوا فن قيادة خرفان من الشعب اللبناني ولكني في سماء أفكاري أبحث عن لبناني  الوطن قبل كل شيئ قبل الإيمان والإلحاد وقبل عروبته وفينيقيته وقبل مساحته التي تخططت كل الحدود الجغرافية والكونية فأصبح كالمنارة على شاطئ العالم ينير دروب الغير متناسيا ظلمات أزقته الداخلية وتفتت أحجار قلاعه وأثاره المنسية على صفحات كتب التاريخ المصفرة إلى أن أصبحنا قضية عالمية تتلاقفها أيدي المجتمع الدولي والعربي والفضائي والبكتيري والطفيلي لأننا ندعي القدرة على فهم ما حاولنا من متغيرات لأننا شعب الله المختار وأذكى الكائنات وأننا الدولة الأهم في العالم ولولا إشتراكنا في اللعبة الدولية لأنهار الكرة الأرضية في كأس ماء.

فنحن الأفضل والأمثل والأقوم والأصلح,يحق لنا إطلاق النكات على غيرنا من الشعوب, ويحق لنا أن نرمي بعضنا البعض برصاصات طائفية تكاد تفتك في قلب لبنان أكثر من قنبلة نووية. نفتخر بمذاهبنا وطوائفنا وبلكناتنا ولكن نسينا الله والوطن فنسينا  أنفسنا فأصبحنا كالعبيد الساجدين الراكعين لساسة وللأجنبي والعياذ بالله ولكننا نرى كلمة الله الحقة في عمامات وقلنوسات رجال ديننا ولست متهكما ولكن " كما قال جبران العظيم كثرت مذاهبنا وطوافئنا وخلينا من الدين"؟

نحن فصحاء إجلاء نبغاء على بعضنا البعض ولكن أمام الأجنبي توابع عمي صم بكم, نمضي نحو جنات الغرب والشرق متناسين أن جحيم لبنان هو الجنة. في لبنان ندعي أننا دولة ولكن هل نعترف ببعضنا الأخر فبلدنا مقسم إلى غربية وشرقية ومنطقتنا ومنطقتهم وطائفتنا وطائفتهم كأننا أصبحنا مدمنين على الطائفية والتبعية؟

سقط العديد من الشباب والذين هم شهداء نتيجة لكلمة سياسي أو زعيم أو راعي غنم وفقا لقاموسي وبعد ما إختلطت دماؤهم بتراب لبنان, أطل علينا زعماؤنا يسألوننا العفو والسماح والعدل والرشاد متناسين أن أيدهم ملطخة بالدماء فكم من زعيم دفع بأولاده وفلذات كبده إلى حظيرة الطوائف اللبنانية مقاتلا؟

لدينا عدد من الأحزاب والأفكار والأيدولوجيات والتصورات ما  يفوق عدد سكان لبنان المقيمين والمغتربيين ولكن ما الجدوى؟ نفتخر بإتقاننا العربية والإنجيليزية والفرنسية ولكننا نتناسى أنا لبنانيين. كم من مظاهرة جالت الشوراع لتخفيض الدين العام؟ أو لتحسين الأوضاع المعيشية للخروف اللبناني؟ هل يجب على الخروف الإستمتاع بأكل علف لم يراه؟

لبنان مزرعة,يترأسها العديد من القواويد لا القادة شغلهم الشاغل توريث مناصبهم وزعماتهم إلى أبد الأبدين من أبناء صلبهم ولن ألوم ساسة أتقنوا فن رعي الإغنام وتوطينهم في لبنان وزيادة ثرواتهم الإلهية والتي تعد ضرب من ضروب الخيال.

فعلى كل شاب لبناني أن يأكل الكتب بأسنانه وبيده ويعمل وظيفتين ويقوم بإستدرار عطف مسؤول سياسي لكي يتعلم أو يحصل على وظيفة لا تكفيه لمعيشته اليومية وإلا " ما قلك إلا الفيزا". فمنذ الأيام الأولى للجامعة تستشرس الأحزاب اللبنانية في العمل الحزبي الجامعي  وتدفع الطالب الجاهل إلى ركوب عربة الحزب والتي تمشي على وقود "مستقبل الشعب اللبناني"ولكن لم نجد حزبا  قاد طلبه لإنتاج بحث علمي أو إجتماعي أو إقتصادي أو سياسي أو مالي ولكن قادهم إلى الإصطدام والتنفيرمن الأخر.

وبعد نزول الراكب من العربة عليه التوجه إلى أقرب سفارة ليسافر ويترك لبنان برجعة أو من غيرها. إي كان الحزب التي تنتمي له فأنت مهاجر غريب في المهجر وإن كنت من غير إنتماء حزبي فأنت غريب في الوطن ومن لم يقنع فليستمتع بأكل العلف, ومن أراد الولاء فليكن للبنان الواحد. 

والحل الوحيد هو قيام مجلس شيوخ لبناني وتغير المناهج الدراسية وتبادل الطلاب بين المدارس والجامعات اللبنانية كافة وتركيز العمل الحزبي الجامعي على العمل العلمي المنطقي لا على النباح الطائفي والشعارات الرنانة والتي لا تسمن أو تغني عن جوع 

عشتم وعاش لبنان , ومن أجل تصحيح الوضع نلقاكم.


جميل كركي


Becharre, Bcharre, Bsharre; Arabic: بْشَرِّيْ قلعة الصمود

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Bsharri (also spelled Becharre, Bcharre, Bsharre; Arabic: بْشَرِّيْ‎), is a Lebanese town at 1,650 m of altitude, near the Kadisha Valley. It is located at around 34°15′5″N 36°5′50″E / 34.25139°N 36.09722°E / 34.25139; 36.09722

, in the Bsharri District of the North Governorate. Bsharri is just under the Cedar forest and is the birthplace of the famous poet, painter and sculptor Khalil Gibran who now has a museum in the town to honor him.

The name Bsharri (بشرّي) can be found in the Phoenician language (بيث الشري) meaning "The House Of Ishtar"[1], Ishtar being a goddess worshipped by the Phoenicians (and King Salomon) before monotheism (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) took over the people living in the area.

Bsharri was the site of a Phoenician settlement in ancient times. Maronite Christians fleeing persecution sought refuge in its mountainous terrain in the 7th Century AD. The Kadisha Valley, below the town, became the spiritual center of the Maronite Church. The town was known as Buissera by the Crusades.

In Lebanon, Bsharri natives are characterized as very courageous and fiercely tribal. They are especially known for their distinct accent when they speak Arabic. Unlike other parts of Lebanon, Aramaic was spoken in Bsharri well into the 1800s. As a result, Bsharri natives developed an unmistakably strong accent which lasts to this day and which they are very proud of.
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During the Lebanese civil war (1975–1990), Bsharri was a bastion of Christian resistance against Syrians. In 1986 Samir Geagea, a Bsharri native, became head of the Christian Lebanese Forces (LF) movement. Many LF militants were drawn from the town during the civil war. Bsharri natives are often referred to as the defenders of the Maronites in Lebanon.

This town is still neglected by the government, having no hospital, no university, and no projects that provide careers to its youth, forcing them to move to cities and foreign countries.

Today, the town is located in a highly touristic zone including such attractions as the Khalil Gibran Tomb and Museum, Kadisha Valley where Antonios Torbey lived as Hermite in the Hermitage of St. Lichaa down in the valley; the Kadisha Grotto, the Cedars of God forest, a ski resort and Bka'kafra (the birthplace of St Charbel).

Bsharri is home to a Lebanese Red Cross First Aid Center.[2]. Also it is home for the "The Maronite Scouts" that started their activities early 2000.

 

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ttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e21LQv1Zdq8

 


Sleepless Batroun - البترون : مدخل الشمال إلى ثقافة الفرح والحياة

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The coastal city of Batroun (Greek: Βοτρύς, Arabic: البترون) located in northern Lebanon is one of the oldest cities of the world. Batroun is home to a Lebanese Red Cross First Aid Center.

The name Batroun derives from the Greek, Botrys (also spelled Bothrys), which was later Latinized to Botrus. Historians believe that the Greek name of the town originates from the Phoenician word, bater, which means to cut and it refers to the maritime wall that the Phoenicians built in the sea to protect them from tidal waves.

Other historians believe that the name of the town is derivative of the Phoenician words, beit truna, which translates to house of the chief.http://www.sawtbeirut.com/adv/Batroun/entrance2.jpg

Batroun is a major tourist destination in North Lebanon. The town boasts tens of historic churches, both Catholic and Greek Orthodox. The town is also a major beach resort with a vibrant nightlife. Citrus groves surround Batroun, and the town has been famous, from the early twentieth century, for its fresh lemonade, which is sold by most of the cafés and restaurants on its main street.

The people of Batroun are Lebanese and followers of the Maronite Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches. Batroun is a Roman Catholic (Latin rite) Titular See

Batroun is likely the "Batruna" mentioned in the el-Amarna letters dating to the 14th century B.C.

Batroun was mentioned by the ancient geographers Strabo, Pliny, Ptolemy, Stephanus Byzantius, and Hierocles. Theophanes called the city "Bostrys."

The Phoenicians founded Batroun on the southern side of the promontory called in Antiquity, Theoprosopon and during the Byzantine Empire, Cape Lithoprosopon. Batroun is said to have been founded by Ithobaal I (Ethbaal), king of Tyre, whose daughter Jezabel (897-866 B.C.) married Ahab.

The city belonged under Roman rule to Phoenicia Prima province, and later after the region was Christianized became a suffragan of the Patriarchate of Antioch.

In 551, Batroun was destroyed by an earthquake, which also caused mudslides and made the Cape Lithoprosopon crack. Historians believe that Batroun's large natural harbor was formed during the earthquake.

Three Greek Orthodox bishops are known to have come from Batroun: Porphyrius in 451, Elias about 512 and Stephen in 553 (Lequien, II, 827). According to a Greek Notitia episcopatuum, the Greek Orthodox See has existed in Batroun since the tenth century when the city was then called Petrounion. After the Muslim conquests of the region, the name was arabicized to Batroun.http://www.sawtbeirut.com/adv/Batroun/Lebanon-batroun-main-051809042455.gif

One of Batroun's medieval archaeological sites is the Crusader citadel of Mousaylaha which is constructed on an isolated massive rock with steep sides protruding in the middle of a plain surrounded by mountains.

Under Ottoman rule, Batroun was the centre of a caza in the mutessariflik of Lebanon and the seat of a Maronite diocese, suffragan to the Maronite patriarchate. Since 1999 it has been the seat of the Maronite eparchy

 

Famous People from Batroun

* Gibran Bassil, Minister of Post and Telecommunications
* Antoine Zahra, Parliament Member
* Boutros Harb, Parliament Member
* John Abizaid, American commander of US army in the Middle East, From Douma-Batroun
* Leon Michel Hoyek, born in 1944, founder and president of three Health Dispensaries established in 1987 under the name of "Human Development Movement" in Batrun, Lebanon. He played an important role during the Lebanese civil war supplying individuals in need with the proper health and food services, despite the gravity of the situation. He is the current occupant of Patriarch Elias Hoyek's house in Helta, Batrun.
* Saint Nimattullah Kassab Al-Hardini,(1808-1856) Youssef Kassab was born in Hardeen of Batroun , in 1808 . His father was Gerges Kassab , and his mother Maryam Raad. He entered the Lebanese Maronite order's school at Saint Anthony's Monastery in Houb in 1816 stayed there until 1822.

* Michel Basbous, (1921 – 1981) Michel Basbous was born in Rachana, Batroun in 1921. Basbous taught sculpture at the American University of Beirut. Michel Basbous made Rachana an artistic and cultural center be exhibiting his sculptures in open air.
* Sayed Akl, ex- Parliament Member
* Joseph Attieh - Lebanese singer who won Star Academy 3

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Darine Hadchiti, Nehna Bil Batroun

Beirut 2010 OPEN AIR PARTY


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